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感谢大家

各位翻译组的哥们,大家好!我有一小弟马上就要毕业了,交给我一篇文献让我来帮他翻,真是害苦了我啊,我都工作几年了,哪会哦!好不容易帮他翻了个摘要,这不这个引言实在翻不下去了,如果大家能帮帮我,不甚感激,来苏州尽管联系我!请大家喝酒!
1. Introduction
High concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in garages, often due to vehicle emissions
can affect indoor air quality (IAQ) in the occupied space of an attached residence. In the few studies that have identified and quantified concentrations, VOC compositions in garages reflected the compounds expected for gasoline vapor (e.g.,
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and trimethylbenzene),as well as compounds associated with paints,solvents, cleaners, and other materials used and stored in homes, garages and vehicles (e.g., trichloroethane, trichloroethylene,limonene, a-pinene, and C10–17 n-alkanes).
Current knowledge of contaminant migration betweenresidences and garages remains largely qualitative, despite
the expressed need for air exchange and migration studiesthat can be used to better understand and quantify the
impacts of attached garages on residential air quality. While concentrations in garages can far exceed risk-based guidelines for certain VOCs (e.g.,benzene), few individuals spend large amounts of time in closed garages, and only a fraction of garage emissions should enter occupied spaces. Concentrations or emissions associated with garage sources and garage-to-house migration rates are needed to estimate exposures and risks.
Considering a recent average total VOC (TVOC) emission rate estimate of 3.1 g day1 per garage  and allowing 10% of these emissions to migrate intoa medium-sized moderately well-sealed house (volume ¼ 500m3, air exchange rate (AER) ¼ 0.5 h1) gives an indoor TVOC concentration of 500 mgm3. Assuming that benzene constitutes 2.5% of gasoline vapor yields an indoor
benzene concentration of 12.5 mgm3, which falls just below the concentration range (13–45 mgm3) given by US EPA (2003) for a substantial (104) excess lifetime cancer risk. While this estimate does not account for other(outdoor and indoor) emission sources or parameter variability, and the 10% migration rate is unsubstantiated, it demonstrates the potential for adverse exposures.




谢谢[url=http://www.3g365.com/profile-username-ca1501.html]ca1501[/url] ！帮我完成了部分前言的翻译！
加上我自己翻译的摘要和资料方法，基本已完工！接下来就是一点结论了，这两天自己还在修改论文，做幻灯片，后天就答辩了！
还是有些紧张，如果大家有时间就再帮我一次吧！
还是一样，到苏州来了尽管找我：）留下我的ＱＱ　４０７３９５２１！
4. Conclusions
Measured using a dual tracer system, effective AERs
across 15 houses averaged 0.4370.37 and 0.77751 h1 in
homes and garages, respectively. These AERs represent 4-
day integrated averages. Short-term AER estimates derived
using CO2 measurements yielded values 76% higher.
Garage-to-house flows averaged 9.375.7m3 h1, equal to
6.575.3% of the houses’ AERs. In 4-day samples, a total
of 39 VOCs were detected in houses, 36 in garages, and 20
in ambient air. Garage/indoor ratios and a two-zone
dilution/mixing model were used to apportion VOC
emission sources. For benzene, concentrations in houses
were nearly entirely due to the migration of contaminants
from the garage, and exposures in houses and garages
accounted for the major share of an individual’s cumulative
dose. This study confirms several previous reports
(e.g., Fugler et al., 2002; Emmerich et al., 2003; Batterman
et al., 2005) suggesting that houses with attached garages
have higher levels of VOCs, and the quantitative analysis
shows that attached garages are the primary source of
many compounds found in the occupied portion of
residences. While house-to-house variability in AERs,
interzonal flows, and VOC concentrations can be signifi-
cant, an important finding is that tighter houses tend to
have both higher garage-to-house flows and higher VOC
levels due to emissions in the house and garage.
Identifying pollutant sources is an initial step in
controlling IAQ management, and this study shows the
need to further investigate a broader set of houses and to
identify households most at risk. Actions that can be taken
for houses with attached garages to minimize VOC
exposures include: eliminating or reducing VOC sources
in garages (e.g., removing or sealing VOC sources, not
idling or warming vehicles in the garage); sealing the
garage–house interface (e.g., establishing quantitative
targets for migration rates in building/ventilation standards);
providing dilution ventilation in the garage (e.g.,
using natural or mechanical means); using exhaust ventilation
for chemicals stored in the garage; and maintaining a
positive pressure differential between the house and garage.
Proposed recommendations to reduce benzene levels in
conventional gasoline and emissions and spillage from
gasoline containers will also reduce exposure (US EPA,
2006). Other actions have been suggested, e.g., ventilating
garages at 250 CFM (118 l s1) for 15 min after a vehicle in
the garage has been started or turned off, and the use of a
continuously depressurized cavity between house and
garage (ALA, 2004). However, strategies must consider
that evaporative emissions require continuous controls,
and that migration occurs through passage doors as well as
hidden penetrations in the garage–house interface. Finally,
the effectiveness of these and other mitigation measures
should be evaluated.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Sergei Chernyak, Chris Godwin, and
Scott Roberts for their laboratory assistance and data
management, and Simone Charles with her review.
Financial support was provided by the American Chemistry
Council (Grant 2401).
Funding Sources. Financial support was provided by the
American Chemistry Council (Grant 2401).
Ethics. Recruitment procedures were approved by the
University of Michigan’s Institutional Review Board, and
included informed and written consent.

[[i] 本帖最后由 紫雨深蓝 于 2007-9-2 18:24 编辑 [/i]]

由于它含有放射性，在运送这些易燃品的时候要对他们保持高度的注意力。
PS：
上午事情多，暂时没时间，先放这里，下午看看能不能空点

不懂，帮顶，支持翻译组的兄弟。。。

这是我的专业，可以帮你翻译，



1.简介

车库里高浓度可挥发性组分（VOCs）通常来源于车辆的尾气，会影响到某个特定居住空间的室内空气质量（IAQ)。有限的几个研究帮助我们对其浓度进行了确认和定量分析工作。车库中可挥发性组分表征了人们预期之汽油挥发物组分（如苯，甲苯，乙苯，二甲苯和三甲基苯), 还有一些与油漆、溶剂，清洁剂以及其他那些在家里、车库和车辆中放置的东西，如三氯乙烷，三氯乙烯，碳十烯，阿尔法蒎烯和碳十-碳十七正链烯烃有关的挥发成份在内。

虽然一再强调要维持空气流通换气，加强对污染物的迁移研究，增强大众对于车库对居住空间空气质量的影响的了解并对其进行量化，当前人们对污染物如何在居住空间和车库之间迁移很大程度上还是处于一个定性分析的阶段。一方面，虽然车库中挥发性成分浓度可能远远超过每个可挥发性组分（比如苯)允许基准上限，但是很少有人会成天待在车库里面，而且也只有一小部分车库的挥发物会进入人们其他居住空间。来自于车库的浓度或者挥发份，以及车库到房间的迁移速率都要进行估算并作出风险评估。

假设最近一次平均总挥发份（TVOC）挥发速率大概为3.1克/天-车库，迁移到一个中等大小的适度密封的房间（体积1/4，500立方米，空气交换速率（AER）1/4，0.5/小时），则户内总挥发份浓度为500毫克/立方米。假设苯占汽油挥发份的2.5%，户内苯浓度=12.5毫克/立方米。这个值恰好小于美国EPA（2003）标准中10-4项《生命周期癌症风险》规定的浓度范围值（13-45毫克/立方米）。一方面，这个估算值并不包括其他（户外和户内）挥发源或者参数的变化，另外一方面大概有10%的迁移速度是无法确切确认的，具有潜在的负面风险。

[[i] 本帖最后由 ca1501 于 2007-6-9 06:14 编辑 [/i]]

4. 结论
通过双重示踪追踪系统对有效AERs在15个小时中的平均值进行了测定，发现在家里和车库中分别为为0.437, 0.37和0.777 51/h。这些AERs值代表了4天的一个综合平均值。使用二氧化碳分析法得到的短期AER结果比它还要高76%。
车库到房间流动平均值为9.375立方米/h，相当于户内AERs的6.575.3%。在4天的样本中，户内共检测到39个挥发性成份，车库有36个挥发性成份，正常空气中有20个挥发性成份。我们利用车库/户内数值的比率，以及一个两区域稀释/混合模型对挥发源进行了区分处理。对于苯，测试时间段中的浓度变化都是来自于车库污染物的迁移运动，房屋和车库暴露其中，导致了大部分的个体累计剂量的增加。这个实验证实了以前的多个研究报告（比如Fugler et al., 2002; Emmerich et al., 2003; Batterman
et al., 2005)，研究表明，带有车库的房屋具有更高的挥发份浓度的风险，定量检测表明那些附加的车库是大部分户内检测到的挥发份来源的源头。一方面房屋到房屋的AERs值、户内区域间流通以及挥发份浓度会很不一样，另一方面人们还得到一个重大发现：即窄小的屋子的车库到房屋流动性和挥发份水平会更高，这主要是房屋和车库的迁移所致。

识别污染源是我们控制IAQ管理的头一步，这个研究发现有必要进一步对更多的房屋体系进行调查，找出所有那些具有高风险的房屋体系。正对那些带有车库的房屋采取一些措施，把挥发份控制到最低，包括：削除或减少车库中的挥发份来源（比如去除或密封挥发源，不在车库中空转马达或热车）；将车库到房屋间的连接处进行封闭处理（比如在建筑/通风标准中添加迁移速率的量化指标）；在车库中增加稀释排风措施（如使用自然或者机械通风等手段）；存储化工品的车库中使用排气装置；维持一个房屋到车库的正压差等等。

建议降低传统汽油中的苯含量，减少汽油罐的汽油挥发和泄漏也能降低暴露水平（美国 EPA 2006）。其他措施包括车库中车辆启动或者停止马达之后，对车库进行 250CFM（118L/s)的通风15分钟的处理，或者在屋子和车库间使用一套连续降压设备。但是，必须要考虑一种策略对挥发性成份进行连续的控制，通过过道门和车库的隐蔽通风接口进行控制。最后，对所有那些控制手段进行一个评估以评测其有效性。


感谢：
本文作者在此感谢Sergei Chernyak, Chris Godwin, 和Scott Roberts 的实验室支持和数据管理，感谢 Simone Charles的建议。
财务支持：美国化学协会 （Grant 2401）
基金来源，财务支持由美国化学协会提供。

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